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General Education: Science 🔬

Covers basic concepts in biological and physical sciences.

1. Biology (Life Science)

  • The Cell: Basic unit of life.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouse (energy/ATP production).
    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
    • Nucleus: Control center (DNA).
    • Chloroplast: Photosynthesis (plants only).
    • Cell Wall: Support/protection (plants only).
  • Photosynthesis: CO2+H2O+Light→Glucose+O2CO_2 + H_2O + Light \rightarrow Glucose + O_2. Occurs in chloroplasts.
  • Cellular Respiration: Glucose+O2→CO2+H2O+EnergyGlucose + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + Energy. Occurs in mitochondria.
  • Taxonomy: Classification of living things (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
  • Ecosystem: Interaction of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
    • Producers: Make their own food (plants).
    • Consumers: Eat others (herbivores, carnivores).
    • Decomposers: Break down dead matter (bacteria, fungi).

2. Physics (Matter and Energy)

  • Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space.
    • Solid: Definite shape and volume.
    • Liquid: Definite volume, indefinite shape.
    • Gas: Indefinite shape and volume.
  • Newton's Laws of Motion:
    1. Law of Inertia: Object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon.
    2. Law of Acceleration: F=maF = ma (Force = mass x acceleration).
    3. Law of Interaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  • Energy: Ability to do work.
    • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
    • Potential Energy: Stored energy (position).
  • Heat Transfer:
    • Conduction: Direct contact (solids).
    • Convection: Movement of fluids (liquids/gases).
    • Radiation: Through space/waves (sunlight).

3. Chemistry (Composition of Matter)

  • Atom: Basic unit of matter. Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (-).
  • Element: Pure substance (e.g., O, H, Au).
  • Compound: Chemically combined elements (e.g., H2O).
  • Mixture: Physically combined.
    • Homogeneous: Uniform (Solution).
    • Heterogeneous: Not uniform (Suspension, Colloid).
  • pH Scale: 0-14.
    • < 7: Acidic (Lemon, vinegar).
    • 7: Neutral (Water).

    • 7: Basic (Soap, bleach).

4. Earth Science

  • Layers of Earth: Crust, Mantle, Outer Core (liquid), Inner Core (solid).
  • Rocks:
    • Igneous: From cooled magma/lava (Granite).
    • Sedimentary: From compressed layers (Limestone).
    • Metamorphic: Changed by heat/pressure (Marble).
  • Weather: Short-term. Climate: Long-term average.
  • Solar System: Sun is a star. 8 Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).

🔗 Related Topics

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Practice Quiz

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